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Forgotten Giordano


"I enjoyed looking at him straight in the eye red and swollen, convinced that the man had not understood a single word of what I just outlined. And slowly, as if he were sculpting my own monument, I made the following statements as my last confession of faith and as my philosophical and theological testament to humanity:

I believe in an infinite universe as the creation of the infinite omnipotence, because feel unworthy of the goodness and the divine power that can create infinite worlds, would have created only a finite and limited. I have therefore always maintained that there are innumerable other worlds similar to this Earth. And, with Pythagoras, the latter simply because I have a star, like countless other planets and stars. All these worlds are an infinite set innumerable in the infinite space, and this is what is called the infinite universe, so that it will admit a double infinite: the grandeur of the universe and the number of world bodies. "


Along with Galileo Galilei, Giordano Bruno was undoubtedly the" heretic "most significant condemned by the Catholic Church in the early modern period.
philosopher, astronomer and mathematician, is remembered for his theories about the infinite universe and the multiplicity of sidereal systems. not only rejected the traditional geocentric theory but went beyond the heliocentric theory of Copernicus, which kept the finite universe with a sphere of fixed stars.
Giordano felt a special predilection for giving a philosophical sense to the great discoveries of his time. On the other hand, was interested in issues related to the nature of the ideas and the process associated with the human mind, although these fields do not exist in the science of the time.

His life was a constant flight of educated Europe of the sixteenth century contact with the different environments that I live enriched her writings with insights that are now considered irrefutable truths.
spent the last eight years of his life in prisons of the Inquisition (Venice and Rome) where he was burned February 17, 1600.

I can not fail to delight readers with two magnificent poems that contributed to the conviction of Giordano Bruno.

praise of donkeys.

Oh, donkeys, holy without parigual,
desplegarte like you in piety
and know how to handle so ably souls that never
sponges spirit and trial.

Oh, holy ignorance, your rich sufficiency
not threaten the figures of terror,
as art and learning, aged
in contemplation of distant celestial signals.

What advantage to the curiosity of
desire to know how nature is, and if also
stars are amassed land, water and fire? Such

brains do not fear the Holy
with knees in the dust stuck
await the arrival of God in the brain of the donkey.

(From Cabala of Pegasus.

G. Bruno).

and clearly described on each sheet
the book of nature, so every mind and every intelligence
can read,
you, whose light shines in all things.

The clear voice of your wisdom
sounds and calls in all places. Toca
uninvited at the door of the heart strongly
E seeking input!
And what is it that so few see you?
And that so few give input to your word!

your field in the ether, Judge High,
and not judge them worthy, since only
for wealth and money seeking wisdom, the spirit
and humiliate a slave of Mammon.
Thus, instead of truth is the white lie
and folly, which come into his temple.

ass ears conceal them
tiara and miter, and wraps it round belly
with pleats purple tunic,
while covering the claw jewelry asinine.

With rhythmic step is followed by litter believer
while well supplied with bulls and seals,
sweat stains under his charge and under the burden
colorful language and pompous titles,
the procession and compassionate gesture
salutes the people around you everywhere ,
and kneels in the dust before the monster
of his holiness, while begging and pleading that the wolf ojee
sheep in its folds,
free their souls of sin, and the nave of his life
granted a port better after the painful journey.
And, to cast out demons and throw the enemy
bad haul
exorcisms from his pulpit, until the intelligence
dissipate the vapors and clouds of incense.

(From Of the uncountable, of the immeasurable and the unrepresentable
. G. Bruno).

The February 8, 1600, after his sentence said:

"You regulate Perhaps a sentence against me with greater fear than I have to receive ."



And as if he had wanted to attend his own execution writes:

" in a fire so beautiful, so noble a tie, the beauty makes me burn and I tied poverty, so that only I can enjoy the flame and servitude, freedom and escape the fear of ice. Is a combustion of such a nature that burn without burning.
is a knot of such a nature that the world praises me, nor fear freezes me or untie me pain, burning is so quiet, so sweet the tie. So high I feel the light that ignites me, and so rich thread is twisted my rope, that the longing dies as soon as I start to think. And my heart will light a flame so beautiful and such a beautiful ribbon tied my love, that slave come to be my shadow and my ashes burn. "

(Excerpt from the heroic fury .

G. Bruno).

Bibliography:
Giordano Bruno or The Mirror infinity. Eugen Drewermann
.

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The shadow blanking

Around 255 BC Eratosthenes was working in the library of Alexandria. While studying and ordered the papyrus called his attention to a report on some interesting observations in Siena (now Aswan, Egypt) southeast of Alexandria. According to the report, in Siena, in the summer solstice objects cast no shade and the sun can be reflected in the bottom of the wells. (This means that the city is located just above the line of latitude tropics and is therefore equal to that of the ecliptic, Eratosthenes data already knew).

Eratosthenes reasoned that if Siena and Alexandria were the same length (distance only 3 º), the same experiment under identical conditions but in Alexandria, should give the same results. Observations made in Alexandria, the summer solstice day, same time as those described in the report of Siena. First measured the height of a tower and the length of its shadow at noon on June 21 in Alexandria. Then calculated the angle formed by the sun's rays to the vertical, this angle matches the circumference subtended by the arc connecting the cities of Siena and Alexandria.

Eratosthenes correctly assumed that if the sun was at a great distance, its rays reaching the earth, parallel and should reach, if it was flat as was thought in those days, you should not find differences between the shadows cast by objects at the same time of day, regardless of where they met. However, found substantial discrepancies between the results measured in Siena and Alexandria, so he deduced that the land could not be flat.

then took the distance estimated by the trade caravans between cities fixing in 5000 stadia (Greek unit of length), so the angle measured from the shadows, he calculated the circumference of the earth in about 252,000 stadia.

Admitting that Eratosthenes used the stage of 185 m, the error was 6,616 km (about 17%). But others argue that the stadium used Egyptian (300 cubits of 52.4 cm), in which case it would have been calculated the circumference of 39614.4 km, which compared with 40,008 km currently considered, has a lower error 1%.

We must consider the difficulty of this experiment, since Eratosthenes should not only accurately measure the height of a building, but also the shadow and it, at its upper end is not clear.




In the summer solstice solar rays perpendicularly Siena (1). Alexandria (2), further north, if we measure the height of a building and the length of the shadow cast, you can determine the angle with the plane of the ecliptic, which include the Sun City Siena. This angle is precisely the difference of latitude between the two cities. Known it is sufficient to measure the arc of a circle and extrapolate the result to the complete circle (360 degrees).


hundred and fifty years later, Posidonius performed again the calculation of Eratosthenes obtained a circumference substantially retail value adopt Ptolemy and Columbus would be based to justify the feasibility of travel to the West Indies.
Despite the overwhelming demonstration of Eratosthenes did not allow the roundness of the Earth until much later ...


Bibliographical Notes:

Eratosthenes was born in Cyrene (Libya) in 276 a. C. and studied in Alexandria and Athens. He was an astronomer, historian, geographer, philosopher, poet, theater critic and mathematician. Around the year 255 BC was the third director of the Library of Alexandria where he was intensively and made his great contribution to science and astronomy to determine the size and shape of the earth. We must also create the armillary sphere (Astrolabe).
the end of his life, affected by blindness, starved of their own volition in 194 BC in Alexandria.