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Next week starts the famous Paris-Dakar rally and this time the competition enters a car that is committed to sustainability and respect for the Environment .

is the BioBuggie , the creation of the arched itecto Frenchman Philippe Gallois, which ensures reduce emissions of polluting gases up to 57% compared to conventional cars are that be diminished the power of this.

The vehicle is supplied biofuel, bioethanol E85 in this case, consists of a solution of 85% ethanol with 15% gasoline, but this is not the only environmental initiative that introduces a new participant in the test. The car is equipped with photovoltaic cells, which are charged to operate the car battery, thereby displacing the alternator to get the same function but through renewable energy.

The rear of the car, is built Kevlar fiber but biobuggie can present new design changes that would give the car more environmental value, such as replacement of kevlar fiber with a corn starch, which makes the material lighter and more sustainable. Another change that is expected to enter the biobuggie painting is currently being designed by Dai Nippon Printting to the body which film is based on a charge of producing solar electricity for the car.

The plate also includes biobuggie heather biodegradable or paper filters that prevent entry of motor dust or water-based paint.

is a great bet to be inserted into one of the most important industries like autos, besides being one of the most dangerous environmentally speaking, because of the large number of cars in the world and the great amount of emissions they produce. It is very important to incorporate measures green in cars and these are displayed as evidence of how powerful is the Paris-Dakar, one of the references in the automotive calendar worldwide.

We know

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MORE GREEN DAKAR better safe than sorry

climate change will bring us a series of problems to a greater or lesser extent if we do not act effectively and with total urgency. However, these effects are totally unpredictable and anything that might seem logical can become quite the opposite.
I am referring specifically to sea level, has long been saying that climate change would raise sea level and may even swamp inhabited areas that are very close to the coast and have a low altitude, in fact this idea is, a priori, a logical idea, since the planet warming causes melting polar ice and increased amount of water in the oceans.

Well, now via genciencia , states that the climate change can lower sea level, because in fact the global temperature of the planet increases and even increase about 2 or 3 º C, the temperature of these is still below 0 º C, therefore, in solid, however the increase of temperature in the frozen mass would increase in turn capacity hygrometric air, which would lead to the downfall of more snow and the consequent ice accumulation.

This fact is reflected in the IPCC report 2001, "Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report "which contains the possibility exists that climate change do to lower the sea level.

Therefore, it appears that the effects of climate change models are not rigid and that the possible variation in the effects makes us even more vulnerable to environmental problems. A fact that is logical, if the opposite is finally may have consequences far more negative than expected.
is essential to study the consequences that can bring change provided to minimize or so to act on possible causes, but because of this change in expected patterns, becomes much more important is the statement that says that:
Better safe than sorry .

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Ecobulevar

is a structure designed by architects Belinda Tato, Jose Luis Vallejo and Diego García-Setién and built by Tectum Engineering for the Madrid suburb of Vallecas.

This structure has a clear objective is to provide an improved air environmental comfort, for this structure, 550x50x17m dimensions, which gives it an internal volume of 467,500 m3, will be filled plant and trees at different levels, which give this trip to the shade trees that would take conventional years to bear, but not only that, but it provides many advantages that in some way help to alleviate the effect of climate change several facets, one of which is the energy savings, because these mega structures three in total, arranged along the boulevard to create a current of air that can potentially reduce the temperature to 10 ° C, which require less use of air conditioners.

addition, these structures give the city's green spaces and what is most important in a small space. It's like having several meters of gardens but this way is able to optimize vertical space.

The other materials with which these structures are built are materials that come from recycling , therefore, one more reason to give importance to this project sustainable.

As can be seen in the photograph, on top of the assembly are located some photovoltaic panels, this is another noteworthy aspect of the design of the towers, since it was also committed to saving energy with the use of renewable energy . The electricity generated will be used to sell to the local network in addition to powering space which they leave the tower and aims to be a cultural meeting place in the city.

Source and photo: Platform architecture

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RESTRICTED TRAFFIC

The Basque country wants to be at the forefront of English cities in terms of combating climate change concerns, such as in Rome or London at the time, the Basque government considers the possibility of limiting the traffic within the cities, so will minimize the largely emissions generated by the thousands of vehicles moving every day in nuclei urban.
This measure is contained in Plan to Combat Climate Change , which includes a series of measures and opportunities to confront by all in the period between 2008 and 2012.

addition to these traffic restrictions in a city which remains to be determined and to what degree will be implemented within existing possibilities, the government provides for the application of 120 steps in one degree or another attempt to appease the devastating effects of Climate Change and that cities have a great turnout.

The government, in order to raise the population, provided they act and get involved in these decisions, wants to lead by example, adapting to these changes and modify everything possible to reduce the impacts pollutants.

This measure is included in the list of cities that are implementing direct changes in favor of environmental protection such as speed restrictions in the city of Barcelona at 80 Km / h on motorways in the crown area metropolitan.

Little by little they are including in political projects, measures and applications in a way that ensures a concern for environmental protection , but let's not forget that these are only first steps in a long road need to travel, these measures will have to follow a direct participation of all in addition to being effective with their objectives.
However, it is very positive action by government and authorities to regulate certain areas in which the polluting effects are the order of the day such as industrial or vehicle fleets, especially in big cities.

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Development Corporation Zhongshui Energy, planted the year 2004 13.500 acres of a tree that will be responsible for producing 15000 tonnes of biodiesel , this is the first harvest this tree and can be collected this summer.

This tree called jatropha , Barbados nut or nut seeds Physics gives a considerable size, these seeds after processing generate an oil that is used to make candles and soap, and from now, this company responsible for producing biodiesel from these seeds.

There are already planted more than 108,000 hectares of jatropha plants and the forecast is to increase this area up to 1.7 million hectares over a period of approximately ten years.
With this fact also is struggling against desertification that exists in this part of China.

Forecasts are for an increase in these plantations, which will mean an annual production of biodiesel extracted from jatropha 200,000 tons in 2010 and two million tons by 2020, according to Chinese state officials, an enormous growth of these plantations .

There are many areas in China where it would be possible to plant shrubs and oilseeds and the combat desertification and promote accelerated making biodiesel the economic benefit that this would in these regions. According to Jia Zhibang, head of AES (State Administration of Forestry), the surface that could be used for these plantations only 57 million hectares.

The forecasts predict that this new fuel will meet the emission standard Europe-IV according to tests conducted by laboratories Bosch, DaimlerChrysler AG, Royal Dutch Shell Group and Volkswagen.

Such action allows development areas currently suffering an alarming desertification and enable economic development also in addition to the study on environmental for new fuels and solutions for climate change .

Photo: www.jatropha.net

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DIESEL TREE URBAN EXPANSION

This is the name given to the phenomenon consisting of urban sprawl and reducing the distance between neighboring towns as well as the decline in weather in a city pass to another.

This phenomenon is due to the large population living in cities, the European continent is one of the most urbanized, it is estimated that approximately 75% settled population lives in cities.
In 2020 this figure will have risen to 80% and at least 7 countries this amount of population living in cities will reach 90% or exceeded.

The growth of urban sprawl requires amending the landscape and greatly affects the Environment . This is tangible throughout Europe and in general on all continents of the world DEVELOPED.

In general, cities have certain aspects that benefit the environment compared to sparsely populated areas because they are concentrated in small areas where large numbers of people and activities, which it is possible to move from one place to another without having to travel long distances, a fact that allows those journeys on foot or by public transport, but this fact is useless without awareness of the population.
Among all cities could achieve a level of sustainability effective against climate change.

However, we do not act only sustainable but day by day increases our exposure to pollution, both acoustic and atmospheric, water restrictions and lack of open spaces and green areas.

Therefore, compact cities are preferable in the case that people know to use a new lifestyle, but this potential advantage can turn into its opposite and lead to environmental problems much more severe than in sparsely populated areas.

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UNCONTROLLED WITHOUT POWER LET THERE BE LIGHT BULB BAN

Litroenergy , this is the name of a new patent, which consists of a material that produces light without being connected to any source of energy. This is a new material, low cost, consisting of micro particles made with a material that has the phosphorescent qualities, these micro particles are filled with tritium (isotope of hydrogen) that produces beta radiation that is absorbed by This phosphorescent material creating the light.

life time that gives this material is 12 years, generating light continuously, with thus saving power that this would in the case of replacing the lights with this new material.

Terrarium Yesterday we read the initiative of Ireland to prohibit the sale and use of traditional light bulbs and replace them entirely of light bulbs, well, who knows if the next step is to ban the bulbs and consumption to be replaced by light bulbs made with Litroenergy.

Litroenergy

These panels due to tritium filled microparticles are highly resistant and unaffected by cold and heat.

We stand before the bulbs of the future, which bring us closer to a lifestyle more sustainable and friendly Environment.

Source: Ecofriend

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ECO-WASTE

Ireland has made a new step in the fight against climate change , is that, since January 2009 prohibits the sale of conventional bulbs, the Irish have just one year to accommodate this new measure and change all their old bulbs by the so-called low consumption.

This will involve a energy savings of 185 million in energy bills for Irish consumers, as reported by government sources.

John Gormley, Minister of Environment noted that the traditional light bulb filaments that we all know "was invented in the era of steam" and therefore, is nonsense, greatly advanced in certain fields of lag behind in technology and other aspects. The minister said the measure "will avoid 700,000 tons of emissions of carbon dioxide every year."

is an initiative that will enable energy savings by the consumer and is "a simple but essential step against climate change " as members have said the environmental organization Greenpeace .

This measure will be adopted by other countries, so it is envisaged that from 2010 to join Australia's ban on the sale and use the traditional bulb.

is a priori as effective at the same time interesting, is that, as previously stated, makes no sense to replace many traditional developments, and that depending on the field, such as that of the bulbs, continue using traditional because they are "the lifetime" when it has been shown that low-power, are really effective and would allow direct action against climate change and will be a large scale if the measure is adopted by most countries.

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's career researchers hundreds of measurements that are potentially beneficial for the Environment seems endless and are becoming more numerous and prolific. Thus

Researchers at the University of Santiago de Compostela (USC) are currently engaged in a study which aimed at making the chestnut shell and eucalyptus bark become important in minimizing pollutants present in wastewater from industrial activities, usually contaminated by the presence of metals such as zinc, copper, lead, cadmium and phenolic compounds.

The shell of the chestnut or eucalyptus bark, absorb these materials or pollutants, removing the aqueous medium in which they were previously, thus providing, to wastewater pollution level much less or virtually no .

Galicia, currently produces approximately 7000 tonnes of Cataño thus making it usable waste 10%, or approximately 700 tonnes currently serving as fuel in the same plants.
Researchers want to also use such industrial wastes as components of adhesives, as incorporated in the composition tannins that could be substituted phenol.

The implications of these studies are various and favorable, reduce the impact of this industrial waste, giving it a and also use this application assistance directly to environmental protection . Interestingly

believe that studies focused on environmental protection based on a major product in the production of that area, so is studied in terms of a known product and indigenous and possible solutions to certain environmental problems not accompanied by incorporating new products or implementing costly techniques.

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Today is the day, today begins XIII United Nations Conference on Climate Change (UNFCCC) . At this meeting, given global 190 countries meeting in Bali, which for two weeks, try to put in order to achieve certain environmental and arrangements to modernize and prevail on the commitments made in the Kyoto protocol .

The objective is the creation of Bali Roadmap In this document contain the deadline, which will be in 2009, to perform a new agreement allowing the battle more effectively than ever on climate change.
This will be a powerful act, therefore, involve more than 10,000 delegates, activists and journalists worldwide who cover the news and environmental personalities how Al Gore.

hope that this convention is not in one more, namely that in a while, the Bali Conference not one more to add to the list of environmental meetings and appointments made to date.

should provide answers to environmental problems that we suffering and must come direct and effective actions to help mitigate such adverse effects as those already appearing in different parts of the world.

must be a commitment by all participants and must obtain clear and concise decisions, as well as serious commitments by each country and over time this could be watching as the objectives are met and this conference that starts today, go down in history as largest environmental conference in history.

The Bali conference must go down in history as the conference's commitment .

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Bitublock BALI CONFERENCE AND CONSTRUCTION INNOVATION IN SUSTAINABLE BIOFUELS

A new initiative born with a strong purpose, to accommodate the large number of waste generated and to introduce them back into the production cycle and reused.

The system is based on power recycle waste, but not just any garbage, ie not used wastes usually occur at home, but emerging waste would be recycled in certain industrial activities such as slag generated in the manufacture of steel, ash or glass.

The idea is to collect these wastes for blocks, that later would be used in the construction industry. The material used to make these blocks due its characteristics, confer resistance to these blocks up to six times higher than traditional concrete, in addition to relieving the amount of industrial waste and preventing the formation of new concrete cajetones largely minimizing environmental impact that implies.


These new blocks are called Bitublock and have been developed by engineer John Forth of the University of Leeds.

The different components of the new block is introduced into a mold of cement and are joined by a compound called bitumen, which confers the properties cajetón doing work on-duty as a block homogeneous.

This new system, according to experts, can revolutionize the world of construction, will begin shipping in about a year in the UK.

Companies using this new type of block may contribute to the protection of the Environment within the meaning of the reuse of hundreds of tons of waste and the fact prevent new blocks of concrete, thus sparing CO2 emissions to the atmosphere .

Source: Genciencia

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A joint collaboration between the UA (University of Alicante) and the company BSF (Bio Fuel Systems) have led to the creation of the first device which is capable of producing by a culture of marine microalgae , responsible for the absorption of CO2 atmospheric biomass from which get this new type of biofuel .

Cristian Gomis, chief project scientist and professor at the UA, presented yesterday the new building, which is the only of its kind to be found in a university in the world, which will conduct research in this field by applying the analysis dimensional because the prototype is a smaller scale than industrial systems. Gomis

emphasizes that this new prototype has the added advantage that it is a profitable , since the microalgae biomass generated through absorption of CO2 can be transformed into products "that have an important market value, ie, the prototype can be routed to the manufacture of cellulose or applications for the pharmaceutical industry . Such

biofuel can be a relief for the production of biofuels through planting of cereals, which are resulting in more of a debate on the real benefits of producing biofuels on a large scale, putting into question its sustainability and respect for the Environment .


Source: EFE

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BIODIESEL PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY OF KYOTO

has released a study conducted by researchers at the University of Wisconsin in which they show the data concerning the potential of each country to produce biodiesel .

The results are shown in a colored world map based on these values, ie the annual biodiesel production in millions of gallons that these countries could generate.
Thus we find that Uruguay, Thailand and Ghana are the countries favorable for production.

The results, researchers say, are arbitrary criteria, so if it takes into account many factors for these values \u200b\u200bmay have an acceptable consideration.
The researchers say that total production of biodiesel worldwide, only would be supplied between 4 or 5% of the total biodiesel demand.

researchers do not claim this study, trigger the production of biodiesel indiscriminately resulting in the countries as the most potentially favorable, but the goal is analyze the situation to avoid in this way, future problems resulting from the production of alternative fuels to oil.

Studies like this, again to emphasize, it is urgent to act against dependence of modern society with oil, because besides being a kind of energy most polluting and unsustainable , has a short lifespan, it is important to be clear about certain aspects, such as this, ie that countries could produce more biodiesel without changing greatly and produced a benefit for those in the economic field, for not the time comes in which the oil runs out and not having solutions cause a global chaos that would put the planet at one of the greatest threats in history.

Source: Genciencia & Eurekalert
Photography: SAGE

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On Monday, the UN presented in the German city of Bonn, data emissions to the atmosphere of the member countries of the European Union in 2005.
This report should be noted that Spain is the country that more violates the goals of the Kyoto Protocol, in fact, Spain has not only reduced greenhouse gas emissions but in the period between 1990 and 2005 increased by 53.3% , which is very far from 15% increase that was allowed under the agreement signed in Kyoto, said Yvo de Boer, executive secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

In general, the situation in which there is the whole of the European Union's breach of the agreement signed in Kyoto, in which member countries committed themselves to reducing their emissions pollutants into the atmosphere by 8% this value is a 1.5% , very unusual for Sweden, which has reduced emissions by 7.3% being its initial commitment 4% increase.
This trend of improvement, although less pronounced than in the case of Sweden, are also countries like France, Finland and the UK.

Therefore, the situation is not encouraging, because not only have achieved the objectives that emerged from the Kyoto summit, but these values \u200b\u200bhave worsened over the years in most Member countries of the European Union.

is clear that in the future, should implement policies much more committed and more stringent environmental field if it is to these summits and conventions are not just as dates on the calendar, but to be the beginning of a step forward in the fight against climate change .


Source: 20minutes

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BREACH OF AIR QUALITY THE WEB

department Environment of the Generalitat of Catalonia has proposed that citizens have at their disposal the data on the quality air they breathe and breathe, is ie, through the Web , users can meet air quality from the previous day, plus the forecast for today and the next.

The index indicates which are the air quality standards is the ICQA (Catalan Index Air Quality), the higher the value, the better the air quality.
The page displays the results in a very visual indication on the map of Catalonia air quality according to some colors (green, yellow and red) that are referenced with the quality varemos go from good to poor through improvement.

The information in this way has a greater visual ability to be understood by the majority of the population and leaving behind the numerical results and rigorous than previously used.

It gives the city an important information and allows the possession of a law, the environmental information .

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LOW PARTICIPATION IN THE BLACKOUT

The blackout called to protest against climate change was called for today November 15 from 20:00 h to 20:05 h has had little impact in Spain. Specifically decreased only 160 megawatts, according to Red E lectric English (REE), a value that reflects the low turnout, it is recalled that the previous act was able to reduce electricity demand by about 1000 megawatts.

"itself may be off some buildings, but not strong enough to have a reflection," said Alberto Carbajo COO of REE. In addition Carbajo has discredited this sort of thing with claims that the outage may cause the "economic cost will be greater and even that" there is a greater emission of pollution "that is because the fluctuations in energy consumption in such a short time can cause problems in electricity supply.

The widespread off has been followed by public bodies mostly still very little public participation.

In the picture you can see the energy demand of the day, between 20:00 h and 20:05 h can be found to be negligible descent.

can not say that this call was a success, which should not be taken as an alarmist news, because in the opinion of the people, the idea was how are you that ideas are not effective in the fight against climate change .

Photo: REE

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SAN SEBASTIAN

In just over two weeks, will light the streets of many cities and towns during the Christmas season. In the last few weeks debating whether it should be disposed such ornaments of the streets due to its consumption.

Into this debate comes to meet the city of San Sebastian in Guipuzcoa, where this year, its Christmas lights, which is expected to start in early December, is designed from a sustainable point of view because joint initiative San Sebastian Development, the Department of Environment and shops of the city.

Streets incorporate elements that will allow considerable energy savings .
traditional lighting of each year will be replaced by microbombillas, already used in other English cities, which cuts fuel consumption by about 70%, the decorations will include the installation of photovoltaic solar panels will be producing electricity, also public areas, bridges and squares are illuminated with LEDs, this type of lighting reduce consumption by 90%.

All the innovations made this year's Christmas lights will mean a reduction in energy consumption 80% over last year.

is an interesting initiative because it is difficult for cities to dispense with this type of lighting, because it gives the streets of an enabling environment for this time of year, so, you get that environment and reducing energy consumption, lighting style more sustainable could be used by the city council to make known to the public this initiative and to place the inhabitants of the city \u200b\u200bto do the same in their daily activities, so it would be getting that in addition to energy savings, a little more social awareness and sensitivity .

Source: Manufactured as
Photo: Pablo Blanes / Andaluciaimagen

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Why the night is dark?

That which we are accustomed to our attention or not he is strange. The night is dark because the sun is hidden and the light does not reach us, on the other hand, in light of the stars is not enough to brighten the night sky ... But, why?

This question has been following since the sixteenth century when Thomas Digges introduced the idea of \u200b\u200ba transition from finite to an infinite universe, maintaining the Copernican conception represented the sphere of fixed stars infinitely extended in altitude.




Johannes Kepler in the early seventeenth century was the following question: "If the stars are like our Sun and are distributed evenly space, why the sum of its light dazzles us and makes the sky glow by night? ".

This question is called Olbers Paradox in honor of H. Olbers, who popularized it in 1823. This is the apparent contradiction between the night sky is black and that the universe is infinite. If the universe is spatially infinite and contains an infinite number of stars, when we look at any point in the sky, sooner or later we should find a star in our line of sight.

An analogy that illustrates this situation was introduced by Otto von Guericke in 1672, saying the same thing happens in a dense forest where to look in any direction will inevitably find a tree trunk.



What would you shine the sky?

Considering the stars as point objects of luminosities identical and uniformly distributed in an infinite expanse, the accumulation of all the light from an infinite number of stars would provide an infinite amount of radiation! Fortunately

stars are not points but have a finite area, the same way as in a forest nearby trees hide far, the disks of nearby stars conceal those of more distant. Thus, the brightness of the sky would not be infinite, would only take a certain number of stars to cover the entire surface of the celestial sphere.

But still, the brightness of the sky should be equal to the solar photosphere, which would make our environment was about 6000 º C!

eminent astronomers paradox arose and tried to resolve it.

T. Digges, in 1576, thought that the starlight was too weak to be visible to our eyes, because of the enormous distances that separate them from Earth.

In 1610, J. Kepler , rejecting the possibility of infinity of the universe, thought of the need to introduce a "cosmic frontier" that contains a finite number of stars, thus avoiding the idea of \u200b\u200ba field as bright as the Sun

Edmond Halley studied the paradox in 1720, using an argument similar to that used by T. Digges almost 150 years earlier.

Based on the work of Halley, Jean-Philippe Loys de Chéseaux began to study the paradox. Suggested that either the sphere of stars was not infinite or intensity light decreased rapidly with distance, perhaps due to the presence of some absorbent material in interstellar space.

Later, in 1823, raised Olbers paradox, again turned to the possibility introduced by Chéseaux that space was not transparent to the radiation completely, so if you do not see the stars do not is because they are not there, but because their light has been absorbed by interstellar material before reaching Earth.

The first intuited the right solution was not a scientist but a poet. Edgar Alan Poe in 1848 wrote: "The only way to understand the gaps of stars that telescopes find in innumerable directions, is to assume that the distance was visible in the background so immense that no ray of light that come from there have yet been able to reach us."

That same year, John Herschel showed that the argument put forward by Chéseaux was not correct, because the material to absorb the radiation would heat up enough to start emitting radiation itself in an amount equal which received. Later in 1869, Herschel imagined an infinite universe but in which there were a number arbitrary directions in which no stars are observed. Taking up an idea in 1755 of Emmanuel Kant: a "hierarchical universe" which would star systems, now called galaxies, the galaxies are grouped into systems of galaxies (clusters of galaxies), which would focus on a higher level (superclusters of galaxies) and so on. Defended the idea that if the intensity of the clusters is reduced to increase their size, then in a hierarchical universe of infinite levels, solve the Olbers Paradox. Today, in math, this is called "fractal universe." But it is not a valid argument to solve the paradox because we now know that the universe is nearly isotropic, showing a similar look in all directions, a characteristic unbecoming a hierarchical universe.

Johan von Mädler in 1861, regained the idea of \u200b\u200bPoe, but his work went completely unnoticed.

Similarly happened to an article written by Lord Kelvin in 1901, which showed quantitatively that the travel time of light emanating from distant stars is greater than the lifetime of them.

astronomer Harlow Shapley held, in 1917, the argument put forward by Kepler as the most important, although he did not appeal to the idea of \u200b\u200ba cosmic frontier. To Shapley the universe was formed by a single island (one star system infinity) in the middle of an ocean of empty space.

In 1948, Hermann Bondi suggested that because the expansion of the universe causes light to be perceived in the distance red (lower energy), the further they are the stars, reach their lowest energy radiation up to us and we can not observe. There are still many scientists who believe that the universe's expansion is the cause the darkness of the night, but not quite right, the expansion of the universe only contributes to the result becoming the darkest night, but not the main cause.

the final solution provided Edward Harrison in 1965, combining the fact that light travels at finite speed and that the stars have a limited life. Given these two facts, in light of many of the stars needed to cover the sky has not had time to reach Earth, the time interval since these stars began to shine so far has not been enough for his radiation travel the great distance that separates us. However

... The night is not dark! The sky is not all black.
In 1965, Arnold Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered (without looking) the cosmic background radiation that fills all space and our eyes are not designed to perceive. But this is another story ...

Although the paradox is named Olbers, approach and argument to resolve Olbers suggested that they were not original (minus credit to other great scientists).

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The path is of the leaves Chestnut

the wind
delay between your feet for a moment longer life


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a child without a father
searches the forest litter candy


the path is brown leaves

after rolling and rolling,

to sleep forever under the stealthy tread of the deer
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Forgotten Giordano


"I enjoyed looking at him straight in the eye red and swollen, convinced that the man had not understood a single word of what I just outlined. And slowly, as if he were sculpting my own monument, I made the following statements as my last confession of faith and as my philosophical and theological testament to humanity:

I believe in an infinite universe as the creation of the infinite omnipotence, because feel unworthy of the goodness and the divine power that can create infinite worlds, would have created only a finite and limited. I have therefore always maintained that there are innumerable other worlds similar to this Earth. And, with Pythagoras, the latter simply because I have a star, like countless other planets and stars. All these worlds are an infinite set innumerable in the infinite space, and this is what is called the infinite universe, so that it will admit a double infinite: the grandeur of the universe and the number of world bodies. "


Along with Galileo Galilei, Giordano Bruno was undoubtedly the" heretic "most significant condemned by the Catholic Church in the early modern period.
philosopher, astronomer and mathematician, is remembered for his theories about the infinite universe and the multiplicity of sidereal systems. not only rejected the traditional geocentric theory but went beyond the heliocentric theory of Copernicus, which kept the finite universe with a sphere of fixed stars.
Giordano felt a special predilection for giving a philosophical sense to the great discoveries of his time. On the other hand, was interested in issues related to the nature of the ideas and the process associated with the human mind, although these fields do not exist in the science of the time.

His life was a constant flight of educated Europe of the sixteenth century contact with the different environments that I live enriched her writings with insights that are now considered irrefutable truths.
spent the last eight years of his life in prisons of the Inquisition (Venice and Rome) where he was burned February 17, 1600.

I can not fail to delight readers with two magnificent poems that contributed to the conviction of Giordano Bruno.

praise of donkeys.

Oh, donkeys, holy without parigual,
desplegarte like you in piety
and know how to handle so ably souls that never
sponges spirit and trial.

Oh, holy ignorance, your rich sufficiency
not threaten the figures of terror,
as art and learning, aged
in contemplation of distant celestial signals.

What advantage to the curiosity of
desire to know how nature is, and if also
stars are amassed land, water and fire? Such

brains do not fear the Holy
with knees in the dust stuck
await the arrival of God in the brain of the donkey.

(From Cabala of Pegasus.

G. Bruno).

and clearly described on each sheet
the book of nature, so every mind and every intelligence
can read,
you, whose light shines in all things.

The clear voice of your wisdom
sounds and calls in all places. Toca
uninvited at the door of the heart strongly
E seeking input!
And what is it that so few see you?
And that so few give input to your word!

your field in the ether, Judge High,
and not judge them worthy, since only
for wealth and money seeking wisdom, the spirit
and humiliate a slave of Mammon.
Thus, instead of truth is the white lie
and folly, which come into his temple.

ass ears conceal them
tiara and miter, and wraps it round belly
with pleats purple tunic,
while covering the claw jewelry asinine.

With rhythmic step is followed by litter believer
while well supplied with bulls and seals,
sweat stains under his charge and under the burden
colorful language and pompous titles,
the procession and compassionate gesture
salutes the people around you everywhere ,
and kneels in the dust before the monster
of his holiness, while begging and pleading that the wolf ojee
sheep in its folds,
free their souls of sin, and the nave of his life
granted a port better after the painful journey.
And, to cast out demons and throw the enemy
bad haul
exorcisms from his pulpit, until the intelligence
dissipate the vapors and clouds of incense.

(From Of the uncountable, of the immeasurable and the unrepresentable
. G. Bruno).

The February 8, 1600, after his sentence said:

"You regulate Perhaps a sentence against me with greater fear than I have to receive ."



And as if he had wanted to attend his own execution writes:

" in a fire so beautiful, so noble a tie, the beauty makes me burn and I tied poverty, so that only I can enjoy the flame and servitude, freedom and escape the fear of ice. Is a combustion of such a nature that burn without burning.
is a knot of such a nature that the world praises me, nor fear freezes me or untie me pain, burning is so quiet, so sweet the tie. So high I feel the light that ignites me, and so rich thread is twisted my rope, that the longing dies as soon as I start to think. And my heart will light a flame so beautiful and such a beautiful ribbon tied my love, that slave come to be my shadow and my ashes burn. "

(Excerpt from the heroic fury .

G. Bruno).

Bibliography:
Giordano Bruno or The Mirror infinity. Eugen Drewermann
.

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The shadow blanking

Around 255 BC Eratosthenes was working in the library of Alexandria. While studying and ordered the papyrus called his attention to a report on some interesting observations in Siena (now Aswan, Egypt) southeast of Alexandria. According to the report, in Siena, in the summer solstice objects cast no shade and the sun can be reflected in the bottom of the wells. (This means that the city is located just above the line of latitude tropics and is therefore equal to that of the ecliptic, Eratosthenes data already knew).

Eratosthenes reasoned that if Siena and Alexandria were the same length (distance only 3 º), the same experiment under identical conditions but in Alexandria, should give the same results. Observations made in Alexandria, the summer solstice day, same time as those described in the report of Siena. First measured the height of a tower and the length of its shadow at noon on June 21 in Alexandria. Then calculated the angle formed by the sun's rays to the vertical, this angle matches the circumference subtended by the arc connecting the cities of Siena and Alexandria.

Eratosthenes correctly assumed that if the sun was at a great distance, its rays reaching the earth, parallel and should reach, if it was flat as was thought in those days, you should not find differences between the shadows cast by objects at the same time of day, regardless of where they met. However, found substantial discrepancies between the results measured in Siena and Alexandria, so he deduced that the land could not be flat.

then took the distance estimated by the trade caravans between cities fixing in 5000 stadia (Greek unit of length), so the angle measured from the shadows, he calculated the circumference of the earth in about 252,000 stadia.

Admitting that Eratosthenes used the stage of 185 m, the error was 6,616 km (about 17%). But others argue that the stadium used Egyptian (300 cubits of 52.4 cm), in which case it would have been calculated the circumference of 39614.4 km, which compared with 40,008 km currently considered, has a lower error 1%.

We must consider the difficulty of this experiment, since Eratosthenes should not only accurately measure the height of a building, but also the shadow and it, at its upper end is not clear.




In the summer solstice solar rays perpendicularly Siena (1). Alexandria (2), further north, if we measure the height of a building and the length of the shadow cast, you can determine the angle with the plane of the ecliptic, which include the Sun City Siena. This angle is precisely the difference of latitude between the two cities. Known it is sufficient to measure the arc of a circle and extrapolate the result to the complete circle (360 degrees).


hundred and fifty years later, Posidonius performed again the calculation of Eratosthenes obtained a circumference substantially retail value adopt Ptolemy and Columbus would be based to justify the feasibility of travel to the West Indies.
Despite the overwhelming demonstration of Eratosthenes did not allow the roundness of the Earth until much later ...


Bibliographical Notes:

Eratosthenes was born in Cyrene (Libya) in 276 a. C. and studied in Alexandria and Athens. He was an astronomer, historian, geographer, philosopher, poet, theater critic and mathematician. Around the year 255 BC was the third director of the Library of Alexandria where he was intensively and made his great contribution to science and astronomy to determine the size and shape of the earth. We must also create the armillary sphere (Astrolabe).
the end of his life, affected by blindness, starved of their own volition in 194 BC in Alexandria.